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Evolution Korea The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than one would expect. The country is looking for an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors and as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend emerging. Origins During prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and produced furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced cedon papermaking, block printing art styles, as well as written language to Japan. Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to fight in the army or work on projects of the government, like building fortifications. At the close of the period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety a tenet. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obedient to everyone and respected even by their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This significantly improved the communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of cist graves paved with stones, and adorned with precious objects like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens, and made from single large stones are common in the country. Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territory. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase, its development paradigm appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, and by stoking fears of job loss. Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution that include democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be influencing these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their beliefs to this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced species of life. In the past, most of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, following a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event drew an audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders. The success of this event led to the founding of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also was well-received by the public. 무료 에볼루션 began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks at universities and churches throughout the country. One example of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so interested in creationism that they raised the money and support to construct a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits. In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the creation science. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It also has local branches that conduct seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and other community groups. Changes in South Korea In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other instruments of music. Korea's new development model is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje was an important regional power in the 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. Consequently, it came into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also exerted control over part of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo. The rule of his was, however, short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an alternative state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From then on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.